Fitness-for-Service Evaluations for Piping and Pressure Vessels : ASME Code Simplified

Name: Fitness-for-Service Evaluations for Piping and Pressure Vessels : ASME Code Simplified
Author: George Antaki
ISBN: 9780071453998

by George Antaki

Hardcover

Fitness-for-Service Evaluations for Piping and Pressure Vessels : ASME Code Simplified

by George Antaki

Hardcover

Condition

Overview

Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. Based on some of his students most frequently asked questions, Antaki emphasizes the practical applications of this ASME recommended practice. With this book readers will understand and apply API 579 in their daily work. The material is based on the author's course and presented in clear concise manor. The book demonstrates how the disciplines of stress analysis, materials engineering, and nondestructive inspection interact and apply to fitness-for-service assessment. These assessment methods apply to pressure vessels, piping, and tanks that are in service. This makes it the perfect companion book for Ellenberger's, Pressure Vessels: ASME Code Simplified as well as Ellenberger's Piping Systems and Pipeline: ASME B31 Code Simplified.

FormatHardcover

LanguageEnglish

PublisherMcGraw-Hill Education

Publication DateJul. 15th, 2005

Edition1st Edition

ISBN-139780071453998

Dimensions6.10 x 9.10 x 1.54 inches

ISBN-100071453997

Shipping Weight1.74 lbs

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Preface	p. xiii
Principles	p. 1
What Is Fitness-for-Service?	p. 1
FFS and Conduct of Operations	p. 1
Fitness-for-Service of Old and New Equipment	p. 6
Workmanship and FFS	p. 7
FFS in Construction Codes	p. 9
The Fitness-for-Service Step	p. 10
Three Critical Questions	p. 10
Maintenance Strategy	p. 11
Pressure Boundary Integrity	p. 11
The Five Disciplines	p. 13
Regulatory Perspective	p. 14
Codes, Standards, and Guides	p. 15
Cum Laude	p. 16
Technical Basis	p. 18
Response Time	p. 19
Summary	p. 21
References	p. 21
Materials	p. 25
Demand and Capacity	p. 25
Material Groups	p. 25
Ferrous Metals	p. 26
Nonferrous Metals	p. 31
Nonmetallic Materials	p. 33
Basis for Material Selections	p. 34
Mechanical Properties Overview	p. 34
How to Achieve Desired Properties	p. 35
Phase Diagram of Carbon Steel	p. 36
Heat Treatment	p. 39
Benefits of Postweld Heat Treatment	p. 40
Types of Heat Treatment	p. 41
Shop and Field Heat Treatment	p. 42
The Larson-Miller Parameter	p. 45
Heat and Lot	p. 45
The Three Strength Parameters	p. 47
Allowable Stress	p. 49
Obtaining Strength Properties of Operating Equipment	p. 50
Factors Affecting Strength Properties	p. 52
Ductility	p. 52
Ductile Fracture	p. 53
Brittle Fracture	p. 55
Toughness	p. 58
Charpy Toughness	p. 59
Fracture Toughness	p. 60
Toughness Exemption Curve	p. 62
Hardness	p. 62
References	p. 64
Design	p. 67
Basic Design and Detailed Design	p. 67
Design Codes	p. 67
Design Minimum Wall t[subscript min]	p. 69
Future Corrosion Allowance FCA	p. 69
Loads, Stresses, and Strains	p. 71
Applied Loads and Residual Stresses	p. 73
General Stresses	p. 74
Example: Bending Stress	p. 74
Pressure Stress	p. 76
Pressure Stress Example	p. 76
Wall Thickness Selection	p. 77
Fossil Power Plant Example	p. 78
Butt-Welded Fittings	p. 79
Flanges	p. 79
Socket and Threaded Fittings	p. 79
Specialty Fittings and Components	p. 80
Vessel Example	p. 80
Design Principles	p. 82
Design Pressure	p. 83
Vessel Cylindrical Shell	p. 84
Spherical or Hemispherical Head	p. 86
Elliptical Head	p. 87
Torispherical Head	p. 89
Flat Head	p. 89
Comparison	p. 90
Plant Piping-ASME B31.3	p. 91
Plant Piping Moment Stress	p. 93
Applied Forces	p. 95
Liquid Pipelines-ASME B31.4	p. 96
Gas Pipelines	p. 97
Fatigue	p. 97
The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Fatigue Method	p. 100
The Markl Fatigue Method	p. 104
Example of the Markl Method in Vibration	p. 105
The Fracture Mechanics Fatigue Method	p. 106
The AWS-AASHTO Fatigue Method	p. 108
Fatigue Testing	p. 109
ASME Stress Classification along a Line	p. 110
External Pressure	p. 112
References	p. 114
Fabrication	p. 117
Fabrication and Construction Flaws	p. 117
Base Metal Defects	p. 118
Fabrication Flaws	p. 120
Welding Techniques	p. 121
Carbon Equivalent	p. 124
Weld Quality	p. 125
Welding in Service	p. 126
Pressure or Leak Testing-How?	p. 130
Pressure of Leak Testing-Why?	p. 131
Pressure or Leak Testing-Cautions	p. 133
Test Pressure for Tanks	p. 133
Test Pressure for Pressure Vessels	p. 134
Test Pressure for Power Piping	p. 135
Test Pressure for Process Piping	p. 135
Test Pressure for Liquid Pipelines	p. 136
Test Pressure for Gas Pipelines	p. 136
Mill and Handling Flaws	p. 137
Field Weld Flaws	p. 137
Weld Size	p. 143
Residual Stress	p. 143
Measuring Residual Stresses	p. 145
Calculating Residual Stresses	p. 147
Mechanical Joint Flaws	p. 149
References	p. 149
Degradation	p. 153
Corrosion	p. 153
The Corrosion Engineer's Perspective	p. 153
The Facility Engineer's Perspective	p. 154
Damage	p. 156
Degradation and Fitness-for-Service	p. 156
Understanding Wall Thinning Mechanisms	p. 156
The Electrochemical Cell	p. 157
The Single Metal Electrochemical Cell	p. 159
The Galvanic Cell	p. 160
Concentration Cell	p. 161
Size Effect	p. 163
Parameters Affecting Corrosion Rate	p. 163
Predicting Corrosion Rate-Is It Linear?	p. 165
Predicting Corrosion Rate-Time in Service	p. 166
Deposits and Tuberculation	p. 166
General Corrosion	p. 167
Galvanic Corrosion	p. 169
Pitting	p. 169
Crevice Corrosion	p. 170
Corrosion under Insulation	p. 173
Liquid-Line Corrosion	p. 175
Microbial-Induced Corrosion	p. 175
MIC Prevention	p. 177
MIC Mitigation	p. 177
Carbon Dioxide Corrosion	p. 178
Erosion	p. 179
Cavitation	p. 179
Vapor-Liquid Erosion	p. 181
Erosion in Gas-Liquid Service	p. 181
Liquid Pipelines	p. 182
Liquid-Sand Pipelines	p. 182
Erosion-Corrosion	p. 182
Environmental-Assisted Cracking Mechanisms	p. 184
Corrosion Fatigue	p. 186
Sensitized Stainless Steel	p. 186
Sour Corrosion	p. 188
Blisters and Cracks	p. 190
High-Temperature Corrosion	p. 192
Measuring Corrosion and Corrosion Rates	p. 194
Coating	p. 196
Common Coatings	p. 196
Selection	p. 197
Surface Preparation	p. 198
Wrap Tape	p. 199
Epoxy	p. 200
Coal Tar Enamel	p. 202
Heat-Shrinkable Sleeves	p. 203
Multilayer Coating	p. 203
Coating Performance	p. 204
Coating Quality Control	p. 205
Comparison	p. 207
Practical Challenges	p. 207
References	p. 208
Inspection	p. 213
Principles of Inspection	p. 213
Why?	p. 213
What?	p. 214
Where?	p. 214
How?	p. 214
When?	p. 215
Risk-Based Inspection-What Is Risk?	p. 216
A Number or a Matrix	p. 216
The Objective of RBI	p. 218
Necessary and Sufficient	p. 218
Is RBI a Cost-Saving?	p. 219
Qualitative or Quantitative RBI	p. 219
RBI: A Seven-Step Process	p. 220
Qualitative RBI	p. 222
Example of Qualitative RBI-Steam Systems	p. 223
Semiquantitative RBI-Likelihood	p. 226
Semiquantitative RBI-Consequence	p. 227
Fully Quantitative RBI-Likelihood	p. 228
General Metal Loss Example	p. 229
Limit State Function for a Crack	p. 230
Crack Example	p. 230
Likelihood Reduction Options	p. 231
Correction for Reliability	p. 232
Fully Quantitative Consequence	p. 233
Advantages of Applying RBI	p. 237
Cautions When Applying RBI	p. 237
Integrity Programs for Pipelines	p. 238
Overview of Inspection Techniques for Tanks, Vessels, and Pipes	p. 239
Visual Examination (VT)	p. 239
Magnetic Particle Testing (MT)	p. 240
Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT)	p. 241
Radiographic Testing (RT)	p. 242
Ultrasonic Testing (UT)	p. 243
Long-Range Guided Wave Ultrasonic Inspection	p. 246
Eddy Current Testing	p. 246
Magnetic Flux Leakage	p. 246
Acoustic Emission Testing (AE)	p. 248
Pig Inspections of Pipelines	p. 248
Leak Detection Systems	p. 249
Direct Assessment	p. 249
References	p. 249
Thinning	p. 253
Three Categories of Wall Thinning	p. 253
Leak or Break	p. 254
When Is Corrosion Considered General?	p. 254
Principles of Evaluation for GML	p. 257
Limitations	p. 258
Buckling	p. 258
Ultrasonic Grid	p. 258
Storage Tank Example	p. 259
API 653 Tank Thickness	p. 262
Tank Fitness-for-Service-Level 1	p. 263
Resolution	p. 265
Tank Fitness-for-Service-Level 2	p. 265
Power Plant Pipe Rupture	p. 266
Power Pipe Fitness-for-Service-Level 1	p. 266
Process Pipe Fitness-for-Service-Level 1	p. 269
Asme B31G for Pipelines: What Is It?	p. 270
Basis of ASME B31G	p. 271
Derating a Pipeline	p. 273
B31G Example for Gas Pipeline	p. 274
Modified B31G	p. 274
The Rstreng Method	p. 276
The Remaining Strength Factor in B31G	p. 276
Steam Condensate	p. 277
The Asme VIII, Div.1, App. 32 Method	p. 279
The Asme XI Code Case N-480 Method	p. 281
Widespread Pitting	p. 281
Localized Pitting	p. 282
Example Pitting in Pipeline	p. 283
Simple Criterion	p. 286
References	p. 287
Geometric Defects	p. 289
Integrity of Geometric Defects	p. 289
Assessment Steps	p. 289
Distorted Tank Bottom Example	p. 291
Accidentally Bent Riser Example	p. 292
Dents in Pipelines	p. 294
Dents with Gouges	p. 296
Wrinkles and Buckles	p. 298
Mild Ripples	p. 300
Blisters	p. 300
Fitness-for-Service of Equipment with Blisters	p. 300
Assessment of Weld Misalignment and Shell Distortions	p. 302
Fitness-for-Service Assessment of Peaking	p. 302
Deformed and Repaired Vessel Explosion	p. 305
Defects Beyond Assessment	p. 307
References	p. 307
Cracks	p. 309
Cracklike Flaws	p. 309
Crack Stability	p. 310
Stress Intensity	p. 311
Example-Crack in Pipeline	p. 312
Stress Intensity Solutions	p. 314
Fracture Toughness	p. 314
Weld Residual Stresses	p. 315
Ligament Reference Stress	p. 315
Flow Stress	p. 317
Foundation of Fracture Assessment, the FAD	p. 317
The 15 Steps of Crack Analysis	p. 319
Vessel Example	p. 320
Margin to Failure	p. 323
Leak Through Cracks	p. 325
Application of Fracture Mechanics to Fatigue	p. 326
References	p. 327
Creep Damage	p. 329
What Is Creep?	p. 329
High-Temperature Corrosion	p. 331
The Difficulties of Creep Analysis and Predictions	p. 332
Short- and Long-Term Overheating	p. 335
Creep Assessment Methods	p. 336
ASME III NH Method	p. 337
Operating Loads	p. 337
Time-Independent Material Properties	p. 338
Time-Dependent Material Properties	p. 338
Creep Life Analysis	p. 340
Qualification	p. 342
API 530 Creep Assessment	p. 343
Nondestructive Assessment	p. 345
High-Temperature B31.3 Pipe Application	p. 346
Draft Method of API 579 Level 1	p. 347
Life Fraction Analysis	p. 347
Thinned Wall Remaining Life	p. 348
Metallographic Life Assessment	p. 349
References	p. 350
Overload	p. 351
Overloads in Practice	p. 351
Overpressure Allowance	p. 351
Overpressure beyond Allowance	p. 352
Key Considerations for Overpressure	p. 354
Waterhammer Overload	p. 355
Bolted Joint Failure	p. 357
The Bullet Pig	p. 360
Detonations and Deflagrations	p. 360
Explosion Pressures	p. 361
Explosion Damage	p. 363
Example-Deflagration in Pipe	p. 364
Material Strength at High Strain Rates	p. 364
Explosive Rupture and Fragmentation	p. 365
Effect of External Explosions	p. 368
Natural Phenomena Hazards	p. 369
Fitness-for-Service by Plastic or Collapse Analysis	p. 372
Bending Failure	p. 373
References	p. 374
Failure Analysis	p. 377
Failure Mode and Effects	p. 377
Root Cause Failure Analysis	p. 378
Failure Analysis Tools	p. 380
Leak-before-Break (LBB)	p. 382
Stored Energy Associated with Flashing Liquids	p. 384
Hydrotest Failure	p. 384
Gas or Liquid Contents	p. 385
The Tank Top Example	p. 386
Tanks with Frangible Roof Design	p. 386
Stored Energy	p. 388
Leak-before-Break Using the Failure Assessment Diagram	p. 389
References	p. 389
Repairs	p. 393
Repair Work Package	p. 393
Postconstruction Codes and Standards	p. 393
Temporary or Permanent Repair?	p. 395
Safety	p. 395
Regulatory Requirements	p. 395
Common Considerations for Materials	p. 396
Common Considerations for Design	p. 396
Common Considerations for Fabrication-Welding	p. 397
Controlled Deposition Welding	p. 398
Postconstruction Standards for Controlled Deposition	p. 401
Common Considerations for Fabrication-Nonwelding	p. 402
Common Considerations for Examination	p. 402
Common Considerations for Testing	p. 403
Common Considerations for Quality Control	p. 405
Replacement	p. 405
Flush Patch Repair	p. 406
Example of Flush Patch Repair	p. 407
Flaw Excavation	p. 407
Example of Flaw Excavation Repair	p. 409
Weld Overlay	p. 409
Full Encirclement Welded Sleeve	p. 411
Welded Leak Box	p. 413
Fillet-Welded Patch	p. 414
Mechanical Clamp	p. 417
Inserted Liner	p. 418
Pipe Splitting	p. 419
Sacrificial Component	p. 419
Nonmetallic Wrap	p. 419
References	p. 422
WRC Bulletins	p. 425
Index	p. 451
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Find at your local library from our friends at WorldCat	Find Libraries

Overview

Product Details

FormatHardcover

LanguageEnglish

PublisherMcGraw-Hill Education

Publication DateJul. 15th, 2005

Edition1st Edition

ISBN-139780071453998

Dimensions6.10 x 9.10 x 1.54 inches

ISBN-100071453997

Shipping Weight1.74 lbs

Preface	p. xiii
Principles	p. 1
What Is Fitness-for-Service?	p. 1
FFS and Conduct of Operations	p. 1
Fitness-for-Service of Old and New Equipment	p. 6
Workmanship and FFS	p. 7
FFS in Construction Codes	p. 9
The Fitness-for-Service Step	p. 10
Three Critical Questions	p. 10
Maintenance Strategy	p. 11
Pressure Boundary Integrity	p. 11
The Five Disciplines	p. 13
Regulatory Perspective	p. 14
Codes, Standards, and Guides	p. 15
Cum Laude	p. 16
Technical Basis	p. 18
Response Time	p. 19
Summary	p. 21
References	p. 21
Materials	p. 25
Demand and Capacity	p. 25
Material Groups	p. 25
Ferrous Metals	p. 26
Nonferrous Metals	p. 31
Nonmetallic Materials	p. 33
Basis for Material Selections	p. 34
Mechanical Properties Overview	p. 34
How to Achieve Desired Properties	p. 35
Phase Diagram of Carbon Steel	p. 36
Heat Treatment	p. 39
Benefits of Postweld Heat Treatment	p. 40
Types of Heat Treatment	p. 41
Shop and Field Heat Treatment	p. 42
The Larson-Miller Parameter	p. 45
Heat and Lot	p. 45
The Three Strength Parameters	p. 47
Allowable Stress	p. 49
Obtaining Strength Properties of Operating Equipment	p. 50
Factors Affecting Strength Properties	p. 52
Ductility	p. 52
Ductile Fracture	p. 53
Brittle Fracture	p. 55
Toughness	p. 58
Charpy Toughness	p. 59
Fracture Toughness	p. 60
Toughness Exemption Curve	p. 62
Hardness	p. 62
References	p. 64
Design	p. 67
Basic Design and Detailed Design	p. 67
Design Codes	p. 67
Design Minimum Wall t[subscript min]	p. 69
Future Corrosion Allowance FCA	p. 69
Loads, Stresses, and Strains	p. 71
Applied Loads and Residual Stresses	p. 73
General Stresses	p. 74
Example: Bending Stress	p. 74
Pressure Stress	p. 76
Pressure Stress Example	p. 76
Wall Thickness Selection	p. 77
Fossil Power Plant Example	p. 78
Butt-Welded Fittings	p. 79
Flanges	p. 79
Socket and Threaded Fittings	p. 79
Specialty Fittings and Components	p. 80
Vessel Example	p. 80
Design Principles	p. 82
Design Pressure	p. 83
Vessel Cylindrical Shell	p. 84
Spherical or Hemispherical Head	p. 86
Elliptical Head	p. 87
Torispherical Head	p. 89
Flat Head	p. 89
Comparison	p. 90
Plant Piping-ASME B31.3	p. 91
Plant Piping Moment Stress	p. 93
Applied Forces	p. 95
Liquid Pipelines-ASME B31.4	p. 96
Gas Pipelines	p. 97
Fatigue	p. 97
The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Fatigue Method	p. 100
The Markl Fatigue Method	p. 104
Example of the Markl Method in Vibration	p. 105
The Fracture Mechanics Fatigue Method	p. 106
The AWS-AASHTO Fatigue Method	p. 108
Fatigue Testing	p. 109
ASME Stress Classification along a Line	p. 110
External Pressure	p. 112
References	p. 114
Fabrication	p. 117
Fabrication and Construction Flaws	p. 117
Base Metal Defects	p. 118
Fabrication Flaws	p. 120
Welding Techniques	p. 121
Carbon Equivalent	p. 124
Weld Quality	p. 125
Welding in Service	p. 126
Pressure or Leak Testing-How?	p. 130
Pressure of Leak Testing-Why?	p. 131
Pressure or Leak Testing-Cautions	p. 133
Test Pressure for Tanks	p. 133
Test Pressure for Pressure Vessels	p. 134
Test Pressure for Power Piping	p. 135
Test Pressure for Process Piping	p. 135
Test Pressure for Liquid Pipelines	p. 136
Test Pressure for Gas Pipelines	p. 136
Mill and Handling Flaws	p. 137
Field Weld Flaws	p. 137
Weld Size	p. 143
Residual Stress	p. 143
Measuring Residual Stresses	p. 145
Calculating Residual Stresses	p. 147
Mechanical Joint Flaws	p. 149
References	p. 149
Degradation	p. 153
Corrosion	p. 153
The Corrosion Engineer's Perspective	p. 153
The Facility Engineer's Perspective	p. 154
Damage	p. 156
Degradation and Fitness-for-Service	p. 156
Understanding Wall Thinning Mechanisms	p. 156
The Electrochemical Cell	p. 157
The Single Metal Electrochemical Cell	p. 159
The Galvanic Cell	p. 160
Concentration Cell	p. 161
Size Effect	p. 163
Parameters Affecting Corrosion Rate	p. 163
Predicting Corrosion Rate-Is It Linear?	p. 165
Predicting Corrosion Rate-Time in Service	p. 166
Deposits and Tuberculation	p. 166
General Corrosion	p. 167
Galvanic Corrosion	p. 169
Pitting	p. 169
Crevice Corrosion	p. 170
Corrosion under Insulation	p. 173
Liquid-Line Corrosion	p. 175
Microbial-Induced Corrosion	p. 175
MIC Prevention	p. 177
MIC Mitigation	p. 177
Carbon Dioxide Corrosion	p. 178
Erosion	p. 179
Cavitation	p. 179
Vapor-Liquid Erosion	p. 181
Erosion in Gas-Liquid Service	p. 181
Liquid Pipelines	p. 182
Liquid-Sand Pipelines	p. 182
Erosion-Corrosion	p. 182
Environmental-Assisted Cracking Mechanisms	p. 184
Corrosion Fatigue	p. 186
Sensitized Stainless Steel	p. 186
Sour Corrosion	p. 188
Blisters and Cracks	p. 190
High-Temperature Corrosion	p. 192
Measuring Corrosion and Corrosion Rates	p. 194
Coating	p. 196
Common Coatings	p. 196
Selection	p. 197
Surface Preparation	p. 198
Wrap Tape	p. 199
Epoxy	p. 200
Coal Tar Enamel	p. 202
Heat-Shrinkable Sleeves	p. 203
Multilayer Coating	p. 203
Coating Performance	p. 204
Coating Quality Control	p. 205
Comparison	p. 207
Practical Challenges	p. 207
References	p. 208
Inspection	p. 213
Principles of Inspection	p. 213
Why?	p. 213
What?	p. 214
Where?	p. 214
How?	p. 214
When?	p. 215
Risk-Based Inspection-What Is Risk?	p. 216
A Number or a Matrix	p. 216
The Objective of RBI	p. 218
Necessary and Sufficient	p. 218
Is RBI a Cost-Saving?	p. 219
Qualitative or Quantitative RBI	p. 219
RBI: A Seven-Step Process	p. 220
Qualitative RBI	p. 222
Example of Qualitative RBI-Steam Systems	p. 223
Semiquantitative RBI-Likelihood	p. 226
Semiquantitative RBI-Consequence	p. 227
Fully Quantitative RBI-Likelihood	p. 228
General Metal Loss Example	p. 229
Limit State Function for a Crack	p. 230
Crack Example	p. 230
Likelihood Reduction Options	p. 231
Correction for Reliability	p. 232
Fully Quantitative Consequence	p. 233
Advantages of Applying RBI	p. 237
Cautions When Applying RBI	p. 237
Integrity Programs for Pipelines	p. 238
Overview of Inspection Techniques for Tanks, Vessels, and Pipes	p. 239
Visual Examination (VT)	p. 239
Magnetic Particle Testing (MT)	p. 240
Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT)	p. 241
Radiographic Testing (RT)	p. 242
Ultrasonic Testing (UT)	p. 243
Long-Range Guided Wave Ultrasonic Inspection	p. 246
Eddy Current Testing	p. 246
Magnetic Flux Leakage	p. 246
Acoustic Emission Testing (AE)	p. 248
Pig Inspections of Pipelines	p. 248
Leak Detection Systems	p. 249
Direct Assessment	p. 249
References	p. 249
Thinning	p. 253
Three Categories of Wall Thinning	p. 253
Leak or Break	p. 254
When Is Corrosion Considered General?	p. 254
Principles of Evaluation for GML	p. 257
Limitations	p. 258
Buckling	p. 258
Ultrasonic Grid	p. 258
Storage Tank Example	p. 259
API 653 Tank Thickness	p. 262
Tank Fitness-for-Service-Level 1	p. 263
Resolution	p. 265
Tank Fitness-for-Service-Level 2	p. 265
Power Plant Pipe Rupture	p. 266
Power Pipe Fitness-for-Service-Level 1	p. 266
Process Pipe Fitness-for-Service-Level 1	p. 269
Asme B31G for Pipelines: What Is It?	p. 270
Basis of ASME B31G	p. 271
Derating a Pipeline	p. 273
B31G Example for Gas Pipeline	p. 274
Modified B31G	p. 274
The Rstreng Method	p. 276
The Remaining Strength Factor in B31G	p. 276
Steam Condensate	p. 277
The Asme VIII, Div.1, App. 32 Method	p. 279
The Asme XI Code Case N-480 Method	p. 281
Widespread Pitting	p. 281
Localized Pitting	p. 282
Example Pitting in Pipeline	p. 283
Simple Criterion	p. 286
References	p. 287
Geometric Defects	p. 289
Integrity of Geometric Defects	p. 289
Assessment Steps	p. 289
Distorted Tank Bottom Example	p. 291
Accidentally Bent Riser Example	p. 292
Dents in Pipelines	p. 294
Dents with Gouges	p. 296
Wrinkles and Buckles	p. 298
Mild Ripples	p. 300
Blisters	p. 300
Fitness-for-Service of Equipment with Blisters	p. 300
Assessment of Weld Misalignment and Shell Distortions	p. 302
Fitness-for-Service Assessment of Peaking	p. 302
Deformed and Repaired Vessel Explosion	p. 305
Defects Beyond Assessment	p. 307
References	p. 307
Cracks	p. 309
Cracklike Flaws	p. 309
Crack Stability	p. 310
Stress Intensity	p. 311
Example-Crack in Pipeline	p. 312
Stress Intensity Solutions	p. 314
Fracture Toughness	p. 314
Weld Residual Stresses	p. 315
Ligament Reference Stress	p. 315
Flow Stress	p. 317
Foundation of Fracture Assessment, the FAD	p. 317
The 15 Steps of Crack Analysis	p. 319
Vessel Example	p. 320
Margin to Failure	p. 323
Leak Through Cracks	p. 325
Application of Fracture Mechanics to Fatigue	p. 326
References	p. 327
Creep Damage	p. 329
What Is Creep?	p. 329
High-Temperature Corrosion	p. 331
The Difficulties of Creep Analysis and Predictions	p. 332
Short- and Long-Term Overheating	p. 335
Creep Assessment Methods	p. 336
ASME III NH Method	p. 337
Operating Loads	p. 337
Time-Independent Material Properties	p. 338
Time-Dependent Material Properties	p. 338
Creep Life Analysis	p. 340
Qualification	p. 342
API 530 Creep Assessment	p. 343
Nondestructive Assessment	p. 345
High-Temperature B31.3 Pipe Application	p. 346
Draft Method of API 579 Level 1	p. 347
Life Fraction Analysis	p. 347
Thinned Wall Remaining Life	p. 348
Metallographic Life Assessment	p. 349
References	p. 350
Overload	p. 351
Overloads in Practice	p. 351
Overpressure Allowance	p. 351
Overpressure beyond Allowance	p. 352
Key Considerations for Overpressure	p. 354
Waterhammer Overload	p. 355
Bolted Joint Failure	p. 357
The Bullet Pig	p. 360
Detonations and Deflagrations	p. 360
Explosion Pressures	p. 361
Explosion Damage	p. 363
Example-Deflagration in Pipe	p. 364
Material Strength at High Strain Rates	p. 364
Explosive Rupture and Fragmentation	p. 365
Effect of External Explosions	p. 368
Natural Phenomena Hazards	p. 369
Fitness-for-Service by Plastic or Collapse Analysis	p. 372
Bending Failure	p. 373
References	p. 374
Failure Analysis	p. 377
Failure Mode and Effects	p. 377
Root Cause Failure Analysis	p. 378
Failure Analysis Tools	p. 380
Leak-before-Break (LBB)	p. 382
Stored Energy Associated with Flashing Liquids	p. 384
Hydrotest Failure	p. 384
Gas or Liquid Contents	p. 385
The Tank Top Example	p. 386
Tanks with Frangible Roof Design	p. 386
Stored Energy	p. 388
Leak-before-Break Using the Failure Assessment Diagram	p. 389
References	p. 389
Repairs	p. 393
Repair Work Package	p. 393
Postconstruction Codes and Standards	p. 393
Temporary or Permanent Repair?	p. 395
Safety	p. 395
Regulatory Requirements	p. 395
Common Considerations for Materials	p. 396
Common Considerations for Design	p. 396
Common Considerations for Fabrication-Welding	p. 397
Controlled Deposition Welding	p. 398
Postconstruction Standards for Controlled Deposition	p. 401
Common Considerations for Fabrication-Nonwelding	p. 402
Common Considerations for Examination	p. 402
Common Considerations for Testing	p. 403
Common Considerations for Quality Control	p. 405
Replacement	p. 405
Flush Patch Repair	p. 406
Example of Flush Patch Repair	p. 407
Flaw Excavation	p. 407
Example of Flaw Excavation Repair	p. 409
Weld Overlay	p. 409
Full Encirclement Welded Sleeve	p. 411
Welded Leak Box	p. 413
Fillet-Welded Patch	p. 414
Mechanical Clamp	p. 417
Inserted Liner	p. 418
Pipe Splitting	p. 419
Sacrificial Component	p. 419
Nonmetallic Wrap	p. 419
References	p. 422
WRC Bulletins	p. 425
Index	p. 451
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Fitness-for-Service Evaluations for Piping and Pressure Vessels : ASME Code Simplified

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Fitness-for-Service Evaluations for Piping and Pressure Vessels : ASME Code Simplified

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