Preface | p. xi |
To the Student | p. xi |
To the Teacher | p. xii |
Introduction to Chemistry | p. 1 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 2 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 2 |
Chemistry Is …? | p. 4 |
Matter and Energy | p. 4 |
Measurement and the Metric System | p. 13 |
Metric Prefixes | p. 14 |
Scientific Notation | p. 15 |
Volume and Density | p. 16 |
Reporting Measured Quantities | p. 17 |
Solving Problems | p. 23 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 31 |
Atoms, Molecules, and Ions | p. 39 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 39 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 39 |
Introduction to the Atomic Model of Matter | p. 41 |
Development of the Early Models of the Atom | p. 42 |
The Current View of Atomic Structure | p. 44 |
Identifying Elements: Names, Symbols, and Atomic Numbers | p. 45 |
Neutrons, Isotopes, and Mass Numbers | p. 46 |
Molecules | p. 48 |
Ions | p. 49 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 50 |
Formulas, Equations, and Chemical Reactions | p. 55 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 55 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 55 |
Chemical Formulas | p. 56 |
Writing and Naming Chemical Formulas | p. 59 |
Chemical Equations | p. 65 |
Balancing a Chemical Equation | p. 66 |
Classifying Chemical Reactions | p. 69 |
Additional Material | p. 73 |
Other Ways of Naming Ionic Compounds 73 | |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 73 |
Chemical Calculations | p. 81 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 82 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 82 |
Introduction | p. 83 |
Average Atomic Mass | p. 83 |
The Formula Mass of a Substance | p. 85 |
The Mole Concept and Molar Mass | p. 86 |
Problems Involving a Single Substance | p. 87 |
Problems Involving Chemical Equations | p. 90 |
Additional Material | p. 91 |
Converting Between Moles and Numbers of Particles | p. 91 |
Empirical Formula from Percent Composition | p. 92 |
Mole-Mass Problems | p. 93 |
Mass-Mass Problems | p. 94 |
Percent Yield | p. 95 |
Limiting Reactants | p. 96 |
End-of Chapter Questions | p. 98 |
Energy and Chemical Reactions | p. 109 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 109 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 109 |
Energy and Its Measurement | p. 111 |
Heat of Reaction | p. 113 |
Potential Energy Diagrams | p. 114 |
Spontaneous Reactions | p. 116 |
Additional Material | p. 118 |
Additional Calorimetry Problems | p. 118 |
Transfer of Energy and Equilibrium Temperature | p. 119 |
The Role of Energy in Chemical Reactions | p. 121 |
Additional Aspects of Heats of Reaction | p. 122 |
The Second Law of Thermodynamics | p. 127 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 129 |
The Phases of Matter | p. 139 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 140 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 140 |
Introduction | p. 141 |
Gases | p. 141 |
The Gas Laws | p. 143 |
The Kinetic-Molecular Theory (KMT) of Gas Behavior | p. 154 |
Liquids | p. 156 |
Solids | p. 158 |
Change of Phase | p. 158 |
Additional Material | p. 161 |
Measuring Gas Pressure in the Laboratory | p. 161 |
The Ideal (Universal) Gas Law | p. 163 |
The Density of an Ideal Gas at STP | p. 165 |
Gases and Chemical Reactions | p. 167 |
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures | p. 168 |
Graham's Law of Effusion (Diffusion) | p. 170 |
Gases Collected over Water | p. 171 |
Additional Fusion and Vaporization Problems | p. 173 |
Phase Diagrams | p. 174 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 176 |
Nuclear Chemistry | p. 189 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 190 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 190 |
Nuclear Particles | p. 192 |
Nuclear Equations | p. 192 |
Natural Radioactivity and Radioactive Decay | p. 193 |
Half-Life | p. 195 |
Uses of Radioisotopes | p. 196 |
Induced Nuclear-Reactions | p. 197 |
Additional Material | p. 199 |
The Uranium-238 Decay Series | p. 199 |
Isomeric Transition | p. 200 |
Detection and Measurement of Radioactivity | p. 201 |
Solving Radioactive Decay Problems | p. 201 |
Particle Accelerators | p. 203 |
Fission Reactors | p. 203 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 206 |
The Electronic Structure of Atoms | p. 217 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 217 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 217 |
Introduction | p. 219 |
The Bohr Model of the Atom | p. 219 |
The Modern (Wave-Mechanical) Model | p. 222 |
Valence Electrons | p. 222 |
Lewis Structures (Electron-Dot Diagrams) | p. 223 |
Additional Material | p. 224 |
Atomic Orbitals and Sublevels | p. 224 |
Electron Configurations of Atoms | p. 226 |
Lewis Structures and Atomic Orbitals | p. 231 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 233 |
Chemical Periodicity | p. 241 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 241 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 241 |
Introduction | p. 243 |
The Periodic Table in History | p. 244 |
The Modern Periodic Table | p. 244 |
Properties Associated with Periodicity | p. 245 |
Variation of Periodic Properties Among the Elements | p. 248 |
The Chemistry of the Representative Groups | p. 256 |
The Chemistry of a Period | p. 258 |
Additional Material | p. 258 |
Sublevels and the Periodic Table | p. 258 |
Successive Ionization Energies | p. 259 |
Electron Affinity | p. 259 |
Additional Aspects of First Ionization Energy | p. 259 |
Variation of Successive Ionization Energies | p. 260 |
Synthetic Elements | p. 261 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 263 |
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Shape | p. 269 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 270 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 270 |
Bonding and Stability | p. 272 |
Ionic Bonding | p. 273 |
Covalent Bonding | p. 275 |
Electronegativity and Bonding | p. 276 |
Drawing the Lewis Structures of Covalent Molecules and Polyatomic Ions | p. 277 |
Network Solids | p. 280 |
Metallic Substances | p. 280 |
Dipoles and Polar Molecules | p. 281 |
Polarity and Molecular Symmetry | p. 282 |
Intermolecular Forces | p. 283 |
Physical and Chemical Properties of Bonded Substances: A Summary | p. 287 |
Additional Material | p. 288 |
Resonance Structures | p. 288 |
Additional Topics in Bonding | p. 290 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 300 |
Organic Chemistry | p. 307 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 308 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 308 |
Organic Chemistry Is …? | p. 309 |
Comparison of Organic and Inorganic Compounds | p. 310 |
Hydrocarbons and Homologous Series | p. 311 |
Functional Groups | p. 318 |
Organic Reactions | p. 324 |
Additional Material | p. 327 |
Stereoisomerism | p. 327 |
The Benzene Series | p. 328 |
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Alcohols | p. 329 |
Dihydroxy and Trihydroxy Alcohols | p. 330 |
Types of Polymerization | p. 330 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 332 |
Solutions and their Properties | p. 341 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 342 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 342 |
A Solution Is …? | p. 343 |
Saturated and Unsaturated Solutions | p. 344 |
Solubility | p. 344 |
Concentrations of Solutions | p. 347 |
Effect of the Solute on the Solvent | p. 352 |
Behavior of Electrolytes in Solution | p. 352 |
Additional Material | p. 353 |
Mole Fraction | p. 353 |
Molality | p. 354 |
Dilution of Stock Solutions | p. 355 |
Solutions and Chemical Equations | p. 356 |
Calculating the Freezing and Boiling Points of Solutions | p. 357 |
Suspensions and Colloidal Dispersions | p. 358 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 360 |
Kinetics and Equilibrium | p. 369 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 369 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 369 |
Chemical Kinetics | p. 371 |
Reversible Reactions and Dynamic Equilibrium | p. 373 |
Phase Equilibrium | p. 374 |
Solution Equilibrium | p. 375 |
Chemical Equilibrium | p. 375 |
Additional Material | p. 379 |
The Common-Ion Effect | p. 379 |
Heterogeneous Equilibrium | p. 380 |
The Equilibrium Constant (Keq) | p. 380 |
Problems Involving the Equilibrium Constant | p. 384 |
Applications of Chemical Equilibrium | p. 387 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 388 |
Acids and Bases | p. 399 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 399 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 399 |
Operational Definitions of Acids and Bases | p. 401 |
Arrhenius Definitions of Acids and Bases | p. 403 |
Acid-Base Titration | p. 403 |
Brønsted-Lowry Definitions of Acids and Bases | p. 406 |
The pH Scale of Acidity and Basicity | p. 408 |
Acid-Base Indicators | p. 409 |
Additional Material | p. 410 |
Amphiprotic (Amphoteric) Substances | p. 410 |
Acid-Base Equilibria | p. 410 |
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs | p. 412 |
Neutralization (Revisited) | p. 413 |
Strengths of Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs | p. 414 |
Ionization Constants of Acids and Bases (Ka and Kb) | p. 415 |
Ionization Constant of Water (Kw) | p. 417 |
A More Detailed Look at pH and pOH | p. 418 |
Hydrolysis of Salts in Aqueous Solutions | p. 421 |
Acid-Base Properties of Oxides | p. 423 |
Lewis Definitions of Acids and Bases | p. 423 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 424 |
Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) and Electrochemistry | p. 433 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 433 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 433 |
What Are Oxidation and Reduction? | p. 435 |
Formal Definitions of Oxidation and Reduction | p. 436 |
Redox Equations | p. 437 |
Spontaneous Redox Reactions | p. 438 |
Electrochemical Cells | p. 441 |
Additional Material | p. 444 |
Balancing Redox Equations by the Half-Reaction Method | p. 444 |
Balancing Redox Equations by the Ion-Electron Method | p. 445 |
Half-Cell Potentials and Cell Voltage | p. 448 |
The Standard Hydrogen Half-Cell | p. 450 |
Electrolysis of Water and Aqueous NaCl (Brine) | p. 451 |
Electroplating | p. 452 |
Additional Applications of Redox and Electrochemistry | p. 452 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 454 |
The Chemistry Laboratory | p. 463 |
Introduction | p. 463 |
Safety Procedures | p. 464 |
Using Measuring Devices | p. 464 |
Basic Laboratory Skills | p. 465 |
Identification of Common Laboratory Apparatus | p. 465 |
Basic Laboratory Activities | p. 467 |
The Role of Colors in Identifying Substances | p. 468 |
Guidelines for Laboratory Reports | p. 470 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 470 |
Glossary | p. 481 |
New York State Regents Reference Tables for Chemistry | p. 495 |
Additional Reference Tables for Chemistry | p. 511 |
Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 523 |
Answering Constructed-Response Questions | p. 543 |
The New York State Regents Examination in Chemistry | p. 553 |
June 2019 Regents Examination | p. 555 |
Answer Key | p. 581 |
Index | p. 583 |
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