| How to Use This Book | xi |
| Barron's Essential | xii |
| About the Exam | |
| Introduction | 3 |
| Exam Format | 3 |
| ips for Section I: Multiple-Choice Questions | 4 |
| ips for Section Ii: Free-Response Questions | 5 |
| Scoring of the AP Biology Exam | 7 |
| Suggested Study Plans | 7 |
| Statistics in AP Biology | 9 |
| Overview | 9 |
| What Is a Null Hypothesis? | 9 |
| Chi-Square Test | 9 |
| Descriptive Statistics | 11 |
| Practice Questions | 16 |
| Answer Explanations | 20 |
| Chemistry of Life | |
| Water | 25 |
| Overview | 25 |
| Water and the Importance of Hydrogen Bonds | 25 |
| Practice Questions | 29 |
| Answer Explanations | 33 |
| Macromolecules | 37 |
| Overview | 37 |
| Biological Macromolecules | 37 |
| Protein Structure | 40 |
| Nucleic Acids | 41 |
| Practice Questions | 43 |
| Answer Explanations | 49 |
| Cell Structure and Function | |
| Cell Organelles, Membranes, and Transport | 55 |
| Overview | 55 |
| Cell Organelles and Their Functions | 55 |
| Endosymbiosis Hypothesis | 61 |
| The Advantages of Compartmentalization | 61 |
| The Importance of Surface Area to Volume Ratios | 62 |
| Structure of the Plasma Membrane | 62 |
| What Can (and Cannot) Cross the Plasma Membrane | 63 |
| Passive Transport | 64 |
| Active Transport | 64 |
| Practice Questions | 66 |
| Answer Explanations | 70 |
| Movement of Water in Cells | 73 |
| Overview | 73 |
| Water Potential | 73 |
| Osmolarity and its Regulation | 75 |
| Practice Questions | 77 |
| Answer Explanations | 82 |
| Cellular Energetics | |
| Enzymes | 89 |
| Overview | 89 |
| Enzyme Structure and Function | 89 |
| Environmental Factors that Affect Enzyme Function | 90 |
| Activation Energy in Chemical Reactions | 91 |
| Energy and Metabolism/Coupled Reactions | 92 |
| Practice Questions | 94 |
| Answer Explanations | 98 |
| Photosynthesis | 101 |
| Overview | 101 |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | 102 |
| Light-Independent Reactions (The Calvin Cycle) | 103 |
| Practice Questions | 105 |
| Answer Explanations | 110 |
| Cellular Respiration | 113 |
| Overview | 113 |
| Glycolysis | 114 |
| Oxidation of Pyruvate | 115 |
| Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) | 115 |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | 116 |
| Fermentation | 118 |
| Practice Questions | 119 |
| Answer Explanations | 122 |
| Cell Communication and Cell Cycle | |
| Cell Communication and Signaling | 127 |
| Overview | 127 |
| Types of Cell Signaling | 127 |
| Signal Transduction | 129 |
| Disruptions in Signal Transduction Pathways | 129 |
| Feedback Mechanisms | 130 |
| Practice Questions | 131 |
| Answer Explanations | 136 |
| The Cell Cycle | 139 |
| Overview | 139 |
| Phases of the Cell Cycle | 139 |
| Regulation of the Cell Cycle, Cancer, and Apoptosis | 140 |
| Practice Questions | 143 |
| Answer Explanations | 147 |
| Heredity | |
| Meiosis and Genetic Diversity | 151 |
| Overview | 151 |
| How Meiosis Works | 151 |
| How Meiosis Generates Genetic Diversity | 153 |
| Practice Questions | 156 |
| Answer Explanations | 160 |
| Mendelian Genetics and Probability | 165 |
| Overview | 165 |
| Mendelian Genetics | 165 |
| Probability in Genetics Problems | 166 |
| Practice Questions | 169 |
| Answer Explanations | 173 |
| Non-Mendelian Genetics | 177 |
| Overview | 177 |
| Linked Genes | 177 |
| Multiple Gene Inheritance | 178 |
| Nonnuclear Inheritance | 179 |
| Phenotype = Genotype + Environment | 179 |
| Practice Questions | 180 |
| Answer Explanations | 184 |
| Gene Expression and Regulation | |
| DNA, RNA, and DNA Replication | 191 |
| Overview | 191 |
| Structure of DNA and RNA | 191 |
| DNA Replication | 193 |
| Practice Questions | 195 |
| Answer Explanations | 198 |
| Transcription and Translation | 201 |
| Overview | 201 |
| Transcription in Prokaryotes vs. Transcription in Eukaryotes | 201 |
| Translation | 203 |
| Flow of Information from the Nucleus to the Cell Membrane | 205 |
| Practice Questions | 207 |
| Answer Explanations | 211 |
| Regulation and Mutations | 213 |
| Overview | 213 |
| Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes | 213 |
| Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes | 216 |
| Gene Expression Helps Cells Specialize | 216 |
| Mutations | 217 |
| Practice Questions | 218 |
| Answer Explanations | 222 |
| Biotechnology | 225 |
| Overview | 225 |
| Bacterial Transformation | 225 |
| Gel Electrophoresis | 226 |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | 226 |
| CRISPR-Cas9 | 226 |
| Practice Questions | 228 |
| Answer Explanations | 232 |
| Natural Selection | |
| Types of Selection | 237 |
| Overview | 237 |
| Evidence of Evolution | 237 |
| Natural Selection | 238 |
| Artificial Selection | 242 |
| Sexual Selection | 243 |
| Practice Questions | 244 |
| Answer Explanations | 249 |
| Population Genetics | 253 |
| Overview | 253 |
| Population Genetics and Genetic Drift | 253 |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | 255 |
| Practice Questions | 258 |
| Answer Explanations | 262 |
| Phylogeny, Speciation, and Extinction | 265 |
| Overview | 265 |
| Phylogeny and Common Ancestry | 265 |
| Speciation | 267 |
| Extinction | 268 |
| Modern-Day Examples of Continuing Evolution | 269 |
| Practice Questions | 270 |
| Answer Explanations | 274 |
| Ecology | |
| The Basics of Ecology | 279 |
| Overview | 279 |
| How Organisms Respond to Changes in the Environment | 279 |
| Energy Flow Through Ecosystems | 280 |
| Practice Questions | 284 |
| Answer Explanations | 289 |
| Population Ecology, Community Ecology, and Biodiversity | 293 |
| Overview | 293 |
| Population Ecology | 293 |
| K-Selected vs. r-Selected Populations | 294 |
| Community Ecology and Simpson's Diversity index | 295 |
| Biodiversity | 297 |
| Practice Questions | 298 |
| Answer Explanations | 302 |
| Lab Review | |
| Labs | 307 |
| Overview | 307 |
| Lab 1: Artificial Selection | 308 |
| Lab 2: Hardy-Weinberg | 309 |
| Lab 3: BLAST | 310 |
| Lab 4: Diffusion and Osmosis | 310 |
| Lab 5: Photosynthesis | 313 |
| Lab 6: Cellular Respiration | 314 |
| Lab 7: Mitosis and Meiosis | 315 |
| Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation | 317 |
| Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA | 318 |
| Lab 10: Energy Dynamics | 320 |
| Lab 11: Transpiration | 321 |
| Lab 12: Fruit Fly Behavior | 322 |
| Lab 13: Enzyme Activity | 323 |
| Practice Questions | 324 |
| Answer Explanations | 329 |
| Practice Tests | |
| Practice Test 1 | 335 |
| Section I: Multiple-Choice | 337 |
| Section II: Free-Response | 349 |
| Answer Explanations | 354 |
| Practice Test 2 | 367 |
| Section I: Multiple-Choice | 369 |
| Section II: Free-Response | 382 |
| Answer Explanations | 388 |
| Appendices | |
| Frequently Used Formulas and Equations | 401 |
| Choosing the Right Graph in AP Biology | 405 |
| Index | 409 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
